Ap world 5.1

Deism

Belief in a distant, non-interfering God who created the world but doesn't intervene in human affairs



Liberalism

A belief in individual rights, limited government involvement, and free-market economics



Conservatism

A belief in tradition, authority, and the preservation of existing institutions, often resisting rapid changes



Anti-Semitism

Discrimination or hatred against Jewish people based on their religion or ethnicity



Social contract

An agreement where people follow rules and pay taxes to the government in exchange for protection and order



Laissez-faire

A hands-off approach where the government doesn't interfere much in the economy, allowing businesses to compete freely



Socialism

An economic system where the government or society collectively owns and controls major industries and resources to reduce economic inequality and help people



Age of Isms

An 18th- and 19th-century movement celebrating the birth of ideas such as imperialism, socialism, romanticism, and Darwinism



Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from experiments and scientific methods, not just tradition or religion





Create a free account and access millions of resources



Source 1


“Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith.

Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of ‘liberty’ originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide ‘liberty’ if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one’s appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live acc

AP World 5.1 - The Enlightenment


Historical Developments

The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments. Enlightenment philosophers applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation. Other Enlightenment philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual,
natural rights
, and the
social contract
.

Enlightenment Terms



General Will
is a term popularized by the 18th-century French political philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau. 

In his book
The Social Contract
(1762), Rousseau defines the
general will
(
volonté générale
) as the civic impulses of citizens seeking to pursue the common good within their community. 

He contrasts the general will with the
particular will
of individuals seeking only their personal good. 

Rousseau argues that the general will of the people, not the i

AP World History Unit 5 - Lesson 5.1

Note





The Enlightenment

An Age of New Ideas


Intellectuals during the 17th and 8th century began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values.

Enlightenment did not bash traditional religion but made it less persuasive for political and social affairs.


The Age of Isms
: Schools of ideologies rose as they taught socialism and liberalism to society.


Nationalism
: Idea that emphasizes the unification or pride for a group with social, ethnic, historical, or lingual ties.

Revolutionary ideas brought revolts and the desire to create states for a unified group, breaking apart European imperial empire.


New Ideas and Their Roots



Empiricism
: Belief that true knowledge comes from experiences and observations rather than established principles.


Social Contract
: idea started by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, people give their natural rights to governments in exchange for protection, law, and order. Although only Locke believed the people had a right to revolt.


Tabula Rasa
: Influential idea from John Locke, proposed that people were born as a clean slate and ready to absorb knowledge. This argued traditi